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Reading guide

How the three papers differ

1627

Brain image denoising

Proposes a hybrid denoising pipeline for CT and MR brain images using PSO-optimised Non-Local Means plus Wiener filtering.

1642

Segmentation metric selection

Provides a structured study of supervised and unsupervised metrics used to evaluate image segmentation algorithms.

1643

AI in urology

Reviews how AI supports diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring across multiple urological subspecialties.