Physiological and Behavioural Responses of Animals to Human Emotions: They Suffer, Too

Abstract

Neurophysiological research highlights that emotion is a complex process with an adaptive function, that is crucial for survival. A fundamental element of this dynamic is emotional contagion, the automatic tendency to share and synchronise emotional states, which is not limited to the human species but is significantly evident in animals such as dogs, horses, and rodents, suggesting a profound interspecific connection. Human–Animal Interactions (HAI) generate measurable positive effects, classified as social, psychological, cognitive, and, most notably, physiological (Beetz et al., 2012; Barker & Wolen, 2008). The review by Beetz and colleagues (2012) confirms that contact with animals reduces stress (via decreased cortisol levels) and improves cardiovascular health. This well-being is largely mediated by the release of oxytocin, a key hormone for social bonding and relaxation, creating a positive feedback loop between  species and confirming that emotional contagion is a shared neurobiological process.